1 Taught Rather the imperfect, were teaching. They had not merely broached the error, but were inculcating it. Manner (ἔθει) Better, custom, as Rev.
2 Question (ζητήματος) Found only in the Acts, and always of a question in dispute.
3 Being brought on their way (προπεμφθέντες) Lit., having been sent forth; under escort as a mark of honor. Declaring See on Act 13:41. In the various towns along their route.
4 Were received (ἀπεδέχθησαν) The word implies a cordial welcome, which they were not altogether sure of receiving.
5 Arose In the assembly. Sect See on heresies, 2Pe 2:1.
7 The word of the gospel (τὸν λόγον τοῦ εὐαγγελίου) This phrase occurs nowhere else; and εὐαγγελίον, gospel, is found only once more in Acts (Act 20:24).
8 Which knoweth the heart (καρδιογνώστης) Only here and Act 1:24.
10 Were able (ἰσχύσαμεν) See on Luk 14:30; and Luk 16:3.
12 Hearkened The imperfect (ἤκουον) denotes attention to a continued narrative. Declaring (ἐξηγουμένων) Better, as Rev., rehearsing. See on Luk 24:35. What miracles, etc Lit., how many (ὅσα).
13 James See Introduction to Catholic Epistles.
18 Known unto God, etc The best texts join these words with the preceding verse, from which they omit all; rendering, The Lord, who maketh these things known from the beginning of the world.
19 Trouble (παρενοχλεῖν) Only here in New Testament. See on vexed, Luk 6:18.
20 Write (ἐπιστεῖλαι) Originally, to send to, as a message; hence, by letter. The kindred noun ἐπιστολή, whence our epistle, means, originally, anything sent by a messenger. Letter is a secondary meaning. Pollutions (ἀλισγημάτων) A word not found in classical Greek, and only here in the New Testament. The kindred verb ἀλισγεῖν, to pollute, occurs in the Septuagint, Daniel 1:8; Malachi 1:7, and both times in the sense of defiling by food. Here the word is defined by things sacrificed to idols (Act 15:29); the flesh of idol sacrifices, of which whatever was not eaten by the worshippers at the feasts in the temples, or given to the priests, was sold in the markets and eaten at home. See 1Co 10:25-28; and Exo 34:15. Fornication In its literal sense. "The association of fornication with three things in themselves indifferent is to be explained from the then moral corruption of heathenism, by which fornication, regarded from of old with indulgence, and even with favor, nay, practised without shame even by philosophers, and surrounded by poets with all the tinsel of lasciviousness, had become in public opinion a thing really indifferent" (Meyer). See Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," ii., 237 sq. Strangled The flesh of animals killed in snares, and whose blood was not poured forth, was forbidden to the Israelites.
23 Greeting (χαίρειν) The usual Greek form of salutation. It occurs nowhere else in the salutation of a New Testament epistle save in the Epistle of James (Jam 1:1). See note there. It appears in the letter of Claudius Lysias (Act 23:26).
24 Subverting (ἀνασκευάζοντες) Only here in New Testament, and not found either in the Septuagint or in the Apocrypha. Originally, it means to pack up baggage, and so to carry away; hence, to dismantle or disfurnish. So Thucydides (iv., 116) relates that Brasidas captured Lecythus, and then pulled it down and dismantled it (ἀνασκευάσας). From this comes the more general meaning to lay waste, or ravage. The idea here is that of turning the minds of the Gentile converts upside down; throwing them into confusion like a dismantled house. We gave no commandment (οὐ διεστειλάμεθα) The word originally means to put asunder; hence, to distinguish, and so of a commandment or injunction, to distinguish and emphasize it. Therefore implying express orders, and so always in the New Testament, where it is almost uniformly rendered charge. The idea here is, then, "we gave no express injunction on the points which these Judaizers have raised."
25 Barnabas and Paul Here, as in Act 15:12, Barnabas is named first, contrary to the practice of Luke since Act 13:9. Barnabas was the elder and better known, and in the church at Jerusalem his name would naturally precede Paul's. The use of the Greek salutation, and this order of the names, are two undesigned coincidences going to attest the genuineness of this first document preserved to us from the Acts of the primitive church.
29 Blood Because in the blood was the animal's life, and it was the blood that was consecrated to make atonement. See Gen 9:6; Lev 17:10-14; Deu 12:23, Deu 12:24. The Gentiles had no scruples about eating blood; on the contrary, it was a special delicacy. Thus Homer: the fire Already lie the paunches of two goats, Preparing for our evening meal, and both Are filled with fat and blood. Whoever shows Himself the better man in this affray, And conquers, he shall take the one of these He chooses." Odyssey, xviii., 44 sq. The heathen were accustomed to drink blood mingled with wine at their sacrifices. Farewell (ἔρρωσθε) Lit., be strong, like the Latin valete. Compare the close of Claudius Lysias' letter to Festus (Act 23:30).
31 Consolation See on Act 9:31.
32 Many words Or, lit., much discourse; adding the spoken to the written consolation. Exhorted Or comforted. See on Act 15:31. The latter agrees better with consolation there. Confirmed See on Act 14:22.
36 Let us go again and visit (ἐπιστρέψαντες δὴ ἐπισκεψώμεθα) Lit., Having returned, let us now visit. The A. V. omits now. See on Act 13:2. In every city (κατὰ πᾶσαν πόλιν) κατά has the force of city by city.
38 Him (τοῦτον) Lit., that one. It marks him very strongly, and is an emphatic position at the end of the sentence. Departed (ἀποστάντα) Rev., withdrew. It furnishes the derivation of our word apostatize.
39 The contention was so sharp (ἐγένετο παροξυσμὸς) More correctly, there arose a sharp contention. Only here and Heb 10:24. Our word paroxysm is a transcription of παροξυσμὸς. An angry dispute is indicated. Barnabas The last mention of him in the Acts.
40 Recommended Which was not the case with Barnabas, leading to the inference that the church at Antioch took Paul's side in the dispute.
Rather the imperfect, were teaching. They had not merely broached the error, but were inculcating it.
Manner (ἔθει)
Better, custom, as Rev.
2 Question (ζητήματος)
Found only in the Acts, and always of a question in dispute.
3 Being brought on their way (προπεμφθέντες)
Lit., having been sent forth; under escort as a mark of honor.
Declaring
See on Act 13:41. In the various towns along their route.
4 Were received (ἀπεδέχθησαν)
The word implies a cordial welcome, which they were not altogether sure of receiving.
5 Arose
In the assembly.
Sect
See on heresies, 2Pe 2:1.
7 The word of the gospel (τὸν λόγον τοῦ εὐαγγελίου)
This phrase occurs nowhere else; and εὐαγγελίον, gospel, is found only once more in Acts (Act 20:24).
8 Which knoweth the heart (καρδιογνώστης)
Only here and Act 1:24.
10 Were able (ἰσχύσαμεν)
See on Luk 14:30; and Luk 16:3.
12 Hearkened
The imperfect (ἤκουον) denotes attention to a continued narrative.
Declaring (ἐξηγουμένων)
Better, as Rev., rehearsing. See on Luk 24:35.
What miracles, etc
Lit., how many (ὅσα).
13 James
See Introduction to Catholic Epistles.
18 Known unto God, etc
The best texts join these words with the preceding verse, from which they omit all; rendering, The Lord, who maketh these things known from the beginning of the world.
19 Trouble (παρενοχλεῖν)
Only here in New Testament. See on vexed, Luk 6:18.
20 Write (ἐπιστεῖλαι)
Originally, to send to, as a message; hence, by letter. The kindred noun ἐπιστολή, whence our epistle, means, originally, anything sent by a messenger. Letter is a secondary meaning.
Pollutions (ἀλισγημάτων)
A word not found in classical Greek, and only here in the New Testament. The kindred verb ἀλισγεῖν, to pollute, occurs in the Septuagint, Daniel 1:8; Malachi 1:7, and both times in the sense of defiling by food. Here the word is defined by things sacrificed to idols (Act 15:29); the flesh of idol sacrifices, of which whatever was not eaten by the worshippers at the feasts in the temples, or given to the priests, was sold in the markets and eaten at home. See 1Co 10:25-28; and Exo 34:15.
Fornication
In its literal sense. "The association of fornication with three things in themselves indifferent is to be explained from the then moral corruption of heathenism, by which fornication, regarded from of old with indulgence, and even with favor, nay, practised without shame even by philosophers, and surrounded by poets with all the tinsel of lasciviousness, had become in public opinion a thing really indifferent" (Meyer). See Döllinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," ii., 237 sq.
Strangled
The flesh of animals killed in snares, and whose blood was not poured forth, was forbidden to the Israelites.
23 Greeting (χαίρειν)
The usual Greek form of salutation. It occurs nowhere else in the salutation of a New Testament epistle save in the Epistle of James (Jam 1:1). See note there. It appears in the letter of Claudius Lysias (Act 23:26).
24 Subverting (ἀνασκευάζοντες)
Only here in New Testament, and not found either in the Septuagint or in the Apocrypha. Originally, it means to pack up baggage, and so to carry away; hence, to dismantle or disfurnish. So Thucydides (iv., 116) relates that Brasidas captured Lecythus, and then pulled it down and dismantled it (ἀνασκευάσας). From this comes the more general meaning to lay waste, or ravage. The idea here is that of turning the minds of the Gentile converts upside down; throwing them into confusion like a dismantled house.
We gave no commandment (οὐ διεστειλάμεθα)
The word originally means to put asunder; hence, to distinguish, and so of a commandment or injunction, to distinguish and emphasize it. Therefore implying express orders, and so always in the New Testament, where it is almost uniformly rendered charge. The idea here is, then, "we gave no express injunction on the points which these Judaizers have raised."
25 Barnabas and Paul
Here, as in Act 15:12, Barnabas is named first, contrary to the practice of Luke since Act 13:9. Barnabas was the elder and better known, and in the church at Jerusalem his name would naturally precede Paul's. The use of the Greek salutation, and this order of the names, are two undesigned coincidences going to attest the genuineness of this first document preserved to us from the Acts of the primitive church.
29 Blood
Because in the blood was the animal's life, and it was the blood that was consecrated to make atonement. See Gen 9:6; Lev 17:10-14; Deu 12:23, Deu 12:24. The Gentiles had no scruples about eating blood; on the contrary, it was a special delicacy. Thus Homer:
the fire
Already lie the paunches of two goats,
Preparing for our evening meal, and both
Are filled with fat and blood. Whoever shows
Himself the better man in this affray,
And conquers, he shall take the one of these
He chooses."
Odyssey, xviii., 44 sq.
The heathen were accustomed to drink blood mingled with wine at their sacrifices.
Farewell (ἔρρωσθε)
Lit., be strong, like the Latin valete. Compare the close of Claudius Lysias' letter to Festus (Act 23:30).
31 Consolation
See on Act 9:31.
32 Many words
Or, lit., much discourse; adding the spoken to the written consolation.
Exhorted
Or comforted. See on Act 15:31. The latter agrees better with consolation there.
Confirmed
See on Act 14:22.
36 Let us go again and visit (ἐπιστρέψαντες δὴ ἐπισκεψώμεθα)
Lit., Having returned, let us now visit. The A. V. omits now. See on Act 13:2.
In every city (κατὰ πᾶσαν πόλιν)
κατά has the force of city by city.
38 Him (τοῦτον)
Lit., that one. It marks him very strongly, and is an emphatic position at the end of the sentence.
Departed (ἀποστάντα)
Rev., withdrew. It furnishes the derivation of our word apostatize.
39 The contention was so sharp (ἐγένετο παροξυσμὸς)
More correctly, there arose a sharp contention. Only here and Heb 10:24. Our word paroxysm is a transcription of παροξυσμὸς. An angry dispute is indicated.
Barnabas
The last mention of him in the Acts.
40 Recommended
Which was not the case with Barnabas, leading to the inference that the church at Antioch took Paul's side in the dispute.